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Diamonds are rare, naturally occurring mineral composed of carbon. It is a precious gemstone that has a high market demand due to its unique structure. A diamond is surrounded by four other carbon atoms and connected by a strong covalent bond that is the strongest type of chemical bond. Irrespective of the size, every diamond can be considered as a single molecule of carbon. This uniform and simple arrangement yields one of the most versatile, durable and beautiful substances in the world.

A diamond is the most rigid and hardest natural substance that is a desirable gift for every woman in the world. The word ‘diamond’ is derived from a Greek word ‘adamas’ meaning invincible. A diamond has an isometric crystallography and it is possible to split or cleave a diamond along its crystal face such that every side of the cleavage remains smooth. Its lustre is due to its high refractive index and high dispersion properties.

This precious stone can be divided into two categories i.e. Gem diamonds and Industrial diamonds. The Gem diamonds are known for their colour and clarity that make them suitable for investment and jewellery. These diamonds make up a small portion of the overall diamond production in the world and are quite rare. The Industrial diamonds are majorly used for polishing, cutting, grinding and drilling purposes. Hardness and heat conductivity are the characteristics that make industrial diamonds suitable for these purposes.

The gem or commercial diamonds are pale, colourless or steely blue. The strongly coloured diamonds (red, blue and pink) are extremely rare and are known as ‘Fancies’. They are also yellow, grey, brown, orange, green, lavender or black in colour. This gem is not a good conductor of electricity that categorises it as a semiconductor of electricity. However, it conducts heat really well. It has a high specific gravity and can be burnt at a high temperature in the presence of oxygen.